Chapter+2+Neuroscience

=== Neuroscience and psychobiology issues touch all of our lives, whether we realize it or not. As you learn about the brain and the mind-body connection, what are you wondering about? ===

When you post, please do these things: 1) Tell us your name 2) What is your question? 3) What did you learn and how did you learn it?

You can't do this wrong so have fun with it and enjoy learning from your classmates as well. You are welcome to venture into the other class too.

Vicki Quintanilla My question was about Dementia and what causes it.

 Most types of Dementia are nonreversible, which means that the changes in the brain cannot be stopped.  Dementia can also be caused from small strokes which is Vascular Dementia, Generally it affects the elderly.  The following diseases can also lead to Dementia:  Parkinson's Disease  Multiple Scleroses  Huntington's Disease  Pick's Disease  Progressive supranuclear palsy  Infections that affect the brain:  HIV/AIDS  Lyme Disease  It is rare that people under 60 get diagnosed with Dementia.  Staying healthy such as not smoking, keeping your blood pressure down and controlling diabetes. Regular exercise and eating a low fat diet may reduce the risk of Vascular Dementia.

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #404040; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> I got my research from: <span style="background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #404040; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;"> []

[] I wanted to know more about how the Internet affects the brain. Click on this article to find mention of several familiar topics: correlation vs. causation, neural plasticity, and Alzheimer's disease. Can using the Internet prevent Alzheimer's disease? What about using the Internet to help children learn to read? Are we become smarter, more global and deeper thinkers as Internet use increases? Or are we skimming along the surface, hyper-clicking and multi-tasking to the point of little comprehension? What you do think?

(posted by Karen Bedell)

My question I wanted to know more about memory and the chemicals in our brain that help us keep our memory. I think I suffer from a short term memory or mabe I am just a little lazy when it comes to retianing things to remember like a name, or to pick up somthing from the store. I found in my research that the foods that we eat and the vitamins that we take can help our brains maintain the chemicals in our brain for memory and to always challenge your brain (learn somthing new ) to stretch its plasticity to keep our mind and brain healthy ( Micheal Bartlett )www.naturalnews.com

Jennifer Fitzgerald

Is their safetly concerns when using ADD/ADHD medicine?? Effect on the developing brain — The long-term impact of ADD/ADHD medication on the youthful, developing brain is not yet known. Some researchers are concerned that the use of drugs such as Ritalin in children and teens might interfere with normal brain development. Heart-related problems — ADD/ADHD stimulant medications have been found to cause sudden death in children and adults with heart conditions. The American Heart Association recommends that all individuals, including children, have a cardiac evaluation prior to starting a stimulant. An electrocardiogram is recommended if the person has a history of heart problems. Psychiatric problems — Stimulants for ADD/ADHD can trigger or exacerbate symptoms of hostility, aggression, anxiety, depression, and paranoia. People with a personal or family history of suicide, depression, or bipolar disorder are at a particularly high risk, and should be carefully monitored when taking stimulants. Potential for abuse — Stimulant abuse is a growing problem, particularly among teens and young adults. College students take them for a boost when cramming for exams or pulling all-nighters. Others abuse stimulant meds for their weight-loss properties. If your child is taking stimulants, make sure he or she isn’t sharing the pills or selling them. Stimulant Medication Red Flags Call your doctor right away if you or your child experience any of the following symptoms while taking stimulant medication for ADD or ADHD: chest pain shortness of breath

Can you prevent Alheimer's Disease??

Alzheimer's Disease Early Symptoms You Should Recognize

Alzheimer's disease has early or initial symptoms, just like most degenerative diseases. In this article, you'll discover what to watch for -- so you can prevent further memory loss and mental decline. So why is it important for you to know about Alzheimer's disease early symptoms? Well, it is currently estimated that 5.1 million people suffer from this disorder -- and that's in the U.S. alone. Moreover, due to the aging baby boomer population, these numbers will skyrocket to 20 million by 2020. Alzheimer's disease not only affects the patient, it affects the patient's family, friends and neighbors. It is heart wrenching to watch someone you care for lose precious memories created over the course of their lifetime. And you can only imagine how exceptionally difficult it is to be the person who loses those memories. By discovering the early symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, you can take simple steps right now to prevent the loss of additional memories. You can take preventative action to slow the decline in your own or your loved one's mental functioning. Let's uncover the symptoms of early Alzheimer's disease, and the immediate actions you can take if you recognize the disorder in yourself or someone you love. Here are the five primary early symptoms to watch for: 1. Short-term memory loss 2. Impairment of judgment 3. Personality disturbances or changes 4. Some other form of neurological difficulty, including language problems, difficulty with motor activities, even a problem with sensation 5. Some long-term memory loss If you recognize any of these 5 early symptoms of Alzheimer's disease in yourself or someone you love, what do you do now? What are your next steps? According to Dharma Singh Khalsa, M.D., President and Medical Director of the non-profit Alzheimer's Research & Prevention Foundation or ARPF: "How we live has a significant impact on our development of Alzheimer's. Remember that your brain is flesh and blood, just like the rest of your body. It requires the same nutrition, blood flow, and energy that all the other parts of your body need". Along with visiting your doctor for examination and testing, you can choose to take a proactive and integrative approach to treating Alzheimer's disease early symptoms. This disease can be impacted by all areas of your life, so it's essential to look at your diet, and your mental and physical health. According to Dr. Dharma and the ARPF, you should actively change your habits in these four areas to help prevent further memory loss: Area #1: Diet and vitamins. Include 20 percent good fat (such as omega-3s from fish, olive oil and avocado) in your diet, along with high-quality nutritional supplements. Area #2: Stress management. Find ways to reduce and alleviate stress in your life. Stress raises your cortisol levels, which are extremely toxic on your brain. Excess cortisol can cause memory loss by killing brain cells. Take up meditation as a way to calm your mind and increase your concentration abilities. Area #3: Exercise. Exercise your heart and your head through activities such as walking and brain aerobics. Area #4: Pharmaceutical drugs. There are several medications available that have been shown improve the symptoms of memory loss in diseases such as Alzheimer's. Please consult your physician immediately if you or someone you love is showing signs or symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease. By taking action now, you can take steps to prevent further memory loss and cognitive decline. Armed with the knowledge in this article, you'll be better equipped to recognize Alzheimer's disease early symptoms. For more free suggestions and advice on prevention, treatment and help coping with Alzheimer’s disease, please visit the Alzheimer’s Research & Prevention Foundation at []

Kristin Sepanak 10/10/10 Question: My son is 12 years old and has Asperger’s, which is a form of autism. He is high functioning but has issues with social behavior. He does recognize other people’s emotions. I have always wondered what happens in his brain when he see someone who is mad, sad, excited, etc… What is he thinking when he sees someone who looks scared for example. I found an article on this very subject at [] ://www.bri.ucla.edu/bri_weekly/news_060223.asp// //The UCLA Brain Research Institute did a study, showing both “normal” and autistic children pictures of different emotions while analyzing the part of the brain that deals with understanding emotions. They found a big difference between the two sets of children. The “normal” kids part of the brain lit up but the autistic children nothing happened in that part of the brain.// //Researchers in the UK already have a brain scan that can diagnose adults with autism in which they use and MRI scanner and 3D imaging techniques. Maybe this will open a window to let us know what exactly the brain is doing differently in all aspects of functions so that we can understand autistic people better and help them. If you would like to read more about this testing you can go to the following website, [] ://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/197424.php

Sharday Gale [] What is a primary brain tumor? Tumors that begin in brain tissue are known as primary tumors of the brain. Primary brain tumors are named according to the type of cells or the part of the brain in which they begin. The most common primary brain tumors are //gliomas//. They begin in glial cells. There are many types of gliomas:
 * Astrocytoma** - The tumor arises from star-shaped glial cells called //astrocytes//. In adults, astrocytomas most often arise in the cerebrum. In children, they occur in the brain stem, the cerebrum, and the cerebellum. A grade III astrocytoma is sometimes called an //anaplastic// astrocytoma. A grade IV astrocytoma is usually called a //glioblastoma multiforme//.
 * Brain stem glioma** - The tumor occurs in the lowest part of the brain. Brain stem gliomas most often are diagnosed in young children and middle-aged adults.
 * Ependymoma** - The tumor arises from cells that line the ventricles or the central canal of the spinal cord. They are most commonly found in children and young adults.
 * Oligodendroglioma** - This rare tumor arises from cells that make the fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. These tumors usually occur in the cerebrum. They grow slowly and usually do not spread into surrounding brain tissue. They are most common in middle-aged adults.

LaShica Wilson

10/10/10 What is Dementia? How is this related to Alzheimers? Dementia / Alzheimers: dementia means "deprived of mind". Dementia is not a specific disease as it is more of a collection of symptoms. Impairment of intellectual functioning which interfers with normal daily activities and relationships. Loss of problem solving skills,maintaining emotional control are also symptoms associated with dementia. When two or more brain functions are impaired such as memory or language skills a diagnosis of dementia can be made. Alzeheimers is a disease that can cause dementia which is the cease functioning of many nerve cells. There are numerous forms of demetia associated with other disease process such as HIV,Lewy body dementia and vascular to name a few.


 * [[image:http://images.medicinenet.com/images/SlideShow/dementia_s5_health_and_diseased_neuron.jpg height="335" caption="These illustrations compare healthy (left) and diseased neurons (right) in which the latter displays neurofibrillary tangles. Disintegrating microtubes of tau protein form tangles collapsing the neuron's internal transport network and damaging the ability of neurons to communicate with each other." link="http://www.medicinenet.com/dementia_pictures_slideshow/article.htm#"]] ||
 * These illustrations compare healthy (left) and diseased neurons (right) in which the latter displays neurofibrillary tangles. Disintegrating microtubes of tau protein form tangles collapsing the neuron's internal transport network and damaging the ability of neurons to communicate with each other. ||

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Ebony: What could cause people to have different personality types of stress sensitive and stress resistant? Biology does play some part, but experiences can also affect individuals nature of coping with stresses in a biological way. The differences lie in the brain regions that respond to stress. Licked rats handle stress better then deprived rats do, suggesting that the experiences in life shapes the brain even with simple traits such as temperament. It is very important to understand that our brain has a plasticity that allows it to be shaped by our behaviors and experiences.

Sarah Andrzejewski I was mostly interested in Neurogenisis. Neurologists are using fetal cord blood to heal patients with brain damage and spinal cord injuries. They use cord blood because it has Precells. No other blood has these cells. When used in animal testing the precells went right to the damaged area and attacked the damaged parts of the brain and began restoring them. They have started using this on human patients with many diseases and it has helped them. With more studies and testing hopefully one day they can help someone walk again. My father followed Christohper Reeves studies and hoped one day he could have this preformed on him. I would love to follow this study and see what they can do with it.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Name: Rick Yaklin Question: With us learning about the Central Nervous System and the Brain, it really made me think about Alzheimer’s Disease. The causes, effects and what possibilities there are for help or a cure to this degenerative disease.

Being an only child, my grandfather had Alzheimer’s and Dementia. I recall some of what the disease did to him and the toll it took on my mother at the time….and after his death.

Now things seem to have come full circle and it is me that needs to know more about this disease as it is becoming more apparent daily that both my parents are suffering or in the beginning stages of Alzheimer’s Disease or Dementia.

My mother seems to be in the beginning stages. She is forgetful about things, becoming more defiant, and says things over and over. My father on the other hand is affected much more. He is having a terrible time remembering things that just recently happened, is obsessed with trivial matters, questions himself and others more and more, has problems with direction and shows signs of anger he just can’t control at times.

I am researching this area because as I am in my 50’s and will probably be the one taking care of my parents, I want to know more about Alzheimer’s, the affects and if there are any ways to slow this process for not only them, but, for myself to. As my son is going through this with me and my parents, I would like to see how I might prevent this disease from happening to me so that he will not have to go this ordeal again in his life in caring for me.

Here are some of the things I have found non Alzheimer’s Disease and hopefully it will help others to:

<span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · A definition of Alzheimer’s disease from Wikipedia:

__<span style="background-position: 100% 50%; color: #7030a0; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; padding-right: 10px;">[] __

<span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · A further look at Alzheimer’s Disease from the Alzheimer’s Association:

<span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">__<span style="background-position: 100% 50%; color: #7030a0; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; padding-right: 10px;">[] __

<span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · A Dementia Screening Interview for the caretaker’s that can help with discussing the disease with the patients Doctor’s:

<span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">__<span style="background-position: 100% 50%; color: #7030a0; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; padding-right: 10px;">[|http://www.exelonpatch.com/info/Diagnosing_Treating_Alzhemers_Dementia/alzheimers-disease-symptom-screener.jsp?utm_medium=cpc&irmasrc=EXLWB0080&utm_content=and alzheimers disease&utm_source=Yahoo&utm_campaign=ExelonPatch_Unbranded 2010] __

<span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · A You Tube video discussing Alzheimer’s Disease with other links on You Tube on the same subject:

<span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">__<span style="background-position: 100% 50%; color: #7030a0; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; padding-right: 10px;">[] __

<span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Lastly, a You Tube video on the Groundbreaking Alzheimer’s Disease Research at the Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute:

<span style="color: #7030a0; display: block; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> []

 Name: Alexandria Arnott

Depression is a disease that affects everything from eating to relationships and a lot more. But only 1/3 of those who are depressed receive treatment. Depression affects 10% - 25% of women and 5% - 12 % of men in their lifetime. It has been nicknamed the “common cold” of mental illness because of the number of people it affects.

I found this website to be helpful: www.allaboutdepression.com/gen_01.html

Keith Pizzo

There was an old radio show from the 1940's called, "Suspense". It had many movies stars come on as guest stars and each episode was much like the "Twilight Zone" or " Alfred Hitchcock" shows, in that it was meant to keep you on the edge of your seat and present you with some sort of surprise ending. In the particular episode I heard, a man was hit by a car. You hear people say that he is dead. They describe all of the various reasons why they think he is dead, etc... At this point the narrator comes on and says that "Earnest is not dead, in fact, he is a cataleptic. The trauma from the accident merely put him into a cataleptic state".

Supposedly, this means that he is alive, but his body literally shuts down. His muscles become rigid, like rigor mortis. Earnest has a bracelet he wears that tells of his condition and carries a note that says the same in his pocket. In the show, the bracelet flies off his wrist at impact, and someone steals the coat with the note in it - Earnest is off to the morgue. Will he come out of this cataleptic state before he is embalmed? That was the premise of the show.

All that being said. I wondered if there was such a thing, and if the brain was responsible for it. Sure enough, it does tie in with psychology.

**cat·a·lep·sy** (ktl-ps) //n.// //pl.// **cat·a·lep·sies**

A condition characterized by lack of response to external stimuli and by muscular rigidity, so that the limbs remain in whatever position they are placed. It is known to occur in a variety of physical and psychological disorders, such as epilepsy and schizophrenia, and can be induced by hypnosis

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"><span class="pg" style="color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px;">//**<span style="color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">–noun **// <span class="labset" style="color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="ital-inline" style="color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: Georgia,Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">//<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">Pathology, <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">Psychiatry // <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px 3px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">a physical <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">condition usually <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">associated <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">with catatonic __<span style="background-position: 100% 50%; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;">[|schizophrenia] __<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">characterized <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">by suspension of sensation, muscular <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">rigidity, fixity <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">posture, <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">and often by loss of contact with <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">environment. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">Wanna hear the 1949 show? It starred Pat O'Brien and can be found here: <span style="background-position: 100% 50%; color: #333333; cursor: default; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; position: static;">[]

Markita Jones

I wanted to know if patients with Tourette's Syndrome(TS) produce higher levels of Acetylcholine?

Through prior research I was unable to connect high levels of Acetylcholine directly with Tourette's patients, due to my surprise, but I did find a connection with other neurotransmittters. Researchers are claiming through studies that the involuntary "tics" associated with TS may be caused by abnormal metabolising of dopamine. This abnormal behavior results in unneccessary signals being sent throughout the brain. Studies show that when this event occurs there are higher than normal levels of dopamine present.

There has also been studies that link TS patients with low levels of serotonin. Researchers are making links of this deficiency with the OCD, depression, and sleep disturbance symptoms of the patient.

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The part of the brain associated with the effects of Tourette's Syndrome that control movement and motor skills. (The Basal Ganglia) macalester.edu

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 * [[image:http://www.macalester.edu/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/DopaHypoWeb04/limbicsystem.jpg height="424" caption="limbic system"]] ||
 * limbic system ||

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Melody Moore,

I wanted to find out if Hypothalamus had anything to do with Prader Willi Syndrome.

I found through research that it does. Prader Willi is a rare genetic disorder that is caused a defect in the Hypothalamus which is the part of the brain that controls ones feelings of hunger. Which means people with this disorder never feel full and always want to eat. It could lead to life-threatening obesity. There is no cures for Prader Willi the only way is to try and control how much is consumed.

Heres the website i found my imformation and a quick video about it. [|About Prader Willi Syndrome.]

[|Video on Prader Willi] ** Lauren Ross ** How does autism affect the brain? Autism is a disorder that affects nearly 1 in every 150 children today. Acute forms of autism can consume a child’s life; severely affecting the child’s ability to speak, make connections with peers, and link words and facial expressions to their meanings. It also causes children to act out in a certain ways, such as flapping their arms vigorously, going into fits of rage, and repeating the same words over and over again. Overall, the child’s brain seems to not be functioning properly. In an individual with autism, the brain does not appropriately distinguish our 5 senses, which severely affects the child’s ability to “make sense of the world”. Although doctors and researchers have yet to find the exact cause of autism, they have discovered abnormalities within the brain of the studied autistic individuals. Researchers discovered that within the brain of these individuals, neurotransmitters and chemical messengers actually do not develop properly or become damaged within the brain, especially in cells that are involved with communication, emotions, and senses.

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[] Above is a link to a video of a doctor expaing the effects of autism has on the brain.



<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Rachel Karyakose

What effects does being left handed have on the brain? Through my research I found that left handed people such as myself have a higher risk for <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 28px;">schizophrenic, alcoholic, and have Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, as well as mental disabilities. Although anyone has the ability to get these conditions it showed me that I should be aware of symptoms just in case. Being the minority in the hand used, has been proven to cause stress which then causes brain damage. This damage leads way to the conditions above. Left-handed people are less likely to be active as well are not known as well for their athletic ability. This could be due the fact that left handed batters, throwers punches and dribblers are not as normal as right handed so they are outnumbered or easier to win against. Although left handed people are not as active they have been seen to have a higher IQ level which is backed up by the historian Benjamin Franklin and Albert Einstein. There is also an idea that leads to the genetics that if a mother is over the age of 40 the baby is 128% more likely to have a left handed baby. [] Jennifer TurnbowHow are chemical dependency and the brain related?The most studied neurotransmitters that plays a role in the function and action of addiction is called dopamine. It appears that dopamine receptors may be either damaged or missing. In the brains of who are addicted scientist can see the addicted people have fewer of these receptors through PET scan imaging. Additionally serotonin and norepinepherine have their own role in addiction. Each of these neurotransmitters are involved in the brains reward system the place where addiction grows and thrives.For a interesting tutorial on the brains reward system google __**NIDA reward system**__For information on drug abuse and the science of addiction follow the link below__ @http://www.drugabuse.gov/scienceofaddiction/brain.html __ __Crystal Jackson__

I wanted to find out exactly what part of the brain allows War Veterans to have such vivid memories of traumatic events.

I found that the hippocampus receives inputs from and sends efferent’s to both amygdale and the cortex. With that said and knowing that the hippocampus plays a huge role in memory, to have death to those neurons and shrinkage of them in animals after exposure to chronic stress, this shows that this may be the cause. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 28px;">__<span style="background-position: 100% 50%; display: inline ! important; padding-right: 10px; text-align: center;">[] __

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 28px;">My Name is Pam Soper Question: As the brain develops, how important is communication as an infant and young child? Answer: WEll, I guess everyone would assume that the answer to this question is VERY! Yes, it is, but I wanted to discover ways that a parent could advance this, and what age was the most important. I came across a wonderful video. The video is a bit long, but if you can, I would suggest to sit down and watch it. I came up with many answers from the video, and all pointed to " Early childhood development is extremely important. The more positive attention the better, we need social interactions. We can use media in ways to help, but most important is eye contact, letting the child know you are there. The most interesting to me was to find that before the age of 5 television can be harmful to the brain development, we need to communicate, communicate, communicate! After the age of 5, television can be used as a great educational tool. The video goes on to talk about Facebook and social media, the postives, negatives, etc. I really suggest taking a few minutes (actually about 60mins!), and check it out. Very neat and up to date information. The link is [] .Chelsea LedgerI wanted to know what are many things that kill the human brain cells.I found out that there are many many things that kill brain cells, that are very harmful to the body. What I found most interesting that kills brain cells is actually drinking too much water. Sure water is very very healthy for people and makes them not so hydrated, but then again too much water could be a bad thing. Drinking water in a too short amount of time can actually flood your nervous system and kill off brain cells. When the ratio of water dominates sodium it swells your brain and while that is happening brain cells die off. To people who are low sodium diets might not want to drink as much water. Always keep hydrated but don't have to much intake of water. The website where I found this information was really interesting and had about 49 other things that can kill off brain cells.Here is the link. [|kill brain cells]

Antera Wells,

How do steroids affect the brain?

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 * Af **** f **** ect t **** h **** e Brain **

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arts of the brain that influence your moods and are involved in learning and memory are called the limbic system. Anabolic steroids act in the limbic system. In animals, they have been shown to impair learning and memory. They can also lead to changes in mood, such as feelings of depression or irritability.

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nabolic steroids users may act mean to people they're normally nice to, like friends and family.

A

nabolic steroids in the brain may trigger really aggressive behavior. Some outbursts can be so severe they have become known in the media as "roid rages."

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Jessica Butts

Q: Why do scientists only take stem cells out of embryos instead of using adult stem cells?

A: "Human embryonic stem cells are thought to have much greater developmental potential than adult stem cells. This means that embryonic stem cells may be pluripotent—that is, able to give rise to cells found in all tissues of the embryo except for germ cells rather than being merely multipotent—restricted to specific subpopulations of cell types, as adult stem cells are thought to be."

Source: [] []

Jordan Allis- I wanted to know why the right side of the brain controls the left side of your body and why the left side controls your right side.

The reason is the nerves in the brain cross and run down the other side of the body. The axons travel down a pathway called the Corticospinal Tract which is in the spinal cord. Then once they travel down the spinal cord, the neuron split off and go to the opposite side of the body then where it started from in the brain.

Source: []

Lang Huynh Q: What does smoking cigarrettes, do to the brain?

person smokes cigarette, the chemicals inhaled are sent to the brain. The chemicals are sent tot he brain in about 10 seconds after the nocotine (or drug of choice) is inhaled. The drug then remains about 30 minutes. Nicotine affects, changes and controls the specialized receptor cells in the brain. Then finally, changes the chemistry of the brain, which finally affects the persons mood.
 * A:**The brain is connected to the lungs through artieries, which spplies oxygen to the brain) and the heart. When a


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= **<span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">﻿ Nicole Ross** =

__Do web-based brain training programs have a significant effect on cognitive functioning?__ //A website called Lumosity created by neuroscientists has become increasingly popular among all age levels and education backgrounds. When you enter the web page, you are prompted to create an account before doing any activities. You are asked questions regarding age, gender, education level, and what your goal is to improve with the website; It is all relevant in effective brain training. Once you do so, you can start your training courses. But, are these courses effective? Will they have lasting effects on desired cognitive abilities?// // [] // //Plenty of research has been done to prove that these type of websites are effective in working memory and visual attention. The games are designed specifically to improve wanted personal results in regards to brain functioning.//

//Shantell Alexander// //There is a little girl in my moms child care she's about 2 years old going on 3, and still in a car seat she can't talk or walk. I wanted to know what affects the brain for her not to be able to walk and talk, and have no social skills at all?// // [] // //Research says that autism only affects the parts of the brain that controls social interactions, communication, and reasoning. So the research is saying that the whole brain is being affected by this disability. The different parts of the brain have some difficulty processing information together, and this might be the cause of autism.//

Morgan Wignall I wondered how music impacts the functions of the brain. When I talk about music, I mean to play it. [] Trainor hypothesized that "musical training (but not necessarily passive listening to music) affects attention and memory, which provides a mechanism whereby musical training might lead to better learning across a number of domains". They go on to state how a music intervention that strengthens the basic auditory music perception skills of children with dyslexia may also remediate some of their language deficits as well. With this said, why do most criticize or want to abandon the arts programs in early schooling. Its nothing more than an improvement that can help rather than a rucus.

Sean Chesney Q. Can stem cells cure paralysis on certain parts of the body due to strokes (Or any paralysis of that matter)??

A. Studies have been done with hundreds of rats and the use of embriotic stem cells to help reverse the effect of paralysis. Also nueron chemicals were used to tell the cells to become motor cells for movement. Granted it took almost half a year to even begin to have little use of the paralyzed area, but 11 of the 15 rats had a success. if anyone is interested at all to learn about this here is the URL below. []

Not to mention this great video that goes into further detail!!! []

Jolysea Soper My question was, does stem cell research really kill the embryos that it creates?

The logic of only ascribing humanity to an embryo once it is implanted in the womb is simple. Left undisturbed, an embryo in its mother's womb will most likely continue to grow and reach parturition. But the pre-embryo created by IVF, if left untouched in its "test tube," will die. The pre-embryo requires active intervention to even reach a situation which we consider to be true potential life. The alternative to this reasoning would be to argue that the killing of adult skin cells is forbidden, since a person could potentially be cloned from any cell in an adult's body.

If you want to read more, go to [] or []

affected by methamphetamine is dopamine. Dopamine is sometimes called the pleasure neurotransmitter because it helps you feel good from things like playing soccer, eating a big piece of chocolate cake, or riding a roller coaster. When something pleasurable happens, certain axons release lots of dopamine. The dopamine attaches to receptors on dendrites of neighboring neurons and passes on the pleasure message. This process is stopped when dopamine is released from the receptors and pumped back into the neuron that released it where it is stored for later use.
 * //Jennifer Copeland//**
 * //The video was awesome because it showed how the brain reacts with different emotions. Very informational as well as interesting.//**
 * // [|Emotions and the brain] //**
 * //Jesse Coffey//**
 * //Q: what are the effects of meth to the brain?//**
 * //A://** There are many different neurotransmitters, but the one that is most

Usually neurons recycle dopamine. But methamphetamine is able to fool neurons into taking it up just like they would dopamine. Once inside a neuron, methamphetamine causes that neuron to release lots of  dopamine. All this dopamine causes the person to feel an extra sense of pleasure that can last all day. But eventually these pleasurable effects stop. They are followed by unpleasant feelings called a "crash" that often lead a person to use more of the drug. If a person continues to use methamphetamine, they will have a difficult time feeling pleasure from anything. Imagine no longer enjoying your favorite food or an afternoon with your friends. []